{"id":66799,"date":"2026-10-15T11:17:08","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T09:17:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/8a.cz\/8academy\/?p=66799"},"modified":"2026-10-21T11:54:04","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T09:54:04","slug":"navigace-v-horach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/8a.cz\/8academy\/navigace-v-horach\/","title":{"rendered":"Navigace v hor\u00e1ch \u2013 jak neztratit zna\u010denou trasu a naj\u00edt cestu, kdy\u017e se podm\u00ednky zhor\u0161\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
P\u0159ipravit si spolehliv\u00fd pl\u00e1n trasy v\u010detn\u011b \u010dasov\u00e9ho rozvrhu je povinnost\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo se vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 do hor. Plat\u00ed to nejen p\u0159i nejist\u00e9m po\u010das\u00ed nebo v nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu, ale i za p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. D\u00edky tomu posoud\u00edme, zda lze pl\u00e1n ve stanoven\u00e9m \u010dase uskute\u010dnit, a zjist\u00edme, kolik kilometr\u016f n\u00e1s \u010dek\u00e1, jak\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ekon\u00e1me a s jak\u00fdmi obt\u00ed\u017eemi se setk\u00e1me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pokud si t\u00faru nenapl\u00e1nujeme p\u0159edem a podm\u00ednky se zhor\u0161\u00ed, bude na p\u0159\u00edpravu navigace u\u017e pozd\u011b, nebo ji budeme \u0159e\u0161it narychlo, ledabyle a nep\u0159esn\u011b, tedy riskantn\u011b. Nav\u00edc si pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00edm ka\u017ed\u00e9 t\u00fary a procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm naviga\u010dn\u00edch dovednost\u00ed sami zlep\u0161ujeme sv\u00e9 schopnosti, a to zdarma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\nDobr\u00e1 navigace v hor\u00e1ch za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00edm a znalost\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m pomohou naj\u00edt spr\u00e1vn\u00fd sm\u011br. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Jak se p\u0159ipravit na navigaci v hor\u00e1ch?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Pl\u00e1n t\u00fary tvo\u0159\u00ed \u0159ada bod\u016f, kter\u00fdmi hodl\u00e1me proj\u00edt. Tyto body bychom m\u011bli na map\u011b vyb\u00edrat tak, abychom je v ter\u00e9nu s velkou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed dok\u00e1zali naj\u00edt i p\u0159i viditelnosti omezen\u00e9 na deset a\u017e dvacet metr\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u011bli bychom hledat jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 topografick\u00e9 body, jako jsou vrcholy, sedla, rozcest\u00ed stezek, odtoky z horsk\u00fdch jezer nebo \u00fapat\u00ed ter\u00e9nn\u00edch \u017eeber a \u017elab\u016f. Neumis\u0165ujme tyto body doprost\u0159ed pasek ani v zim\u011b na zamrzl\u00e1 jezera, proto\u017ee jejich polohu tam nedok\u00e1\u017eeme ur\u010dit dostate\u010dn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b, a n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fasek tak bude zat\u00ed\u017een chybou. Body je vhodn\u00e9 sepsat v po\u0159ad\u00ed, v jak\u00e9m jimi projdeme, spolu s jejich n\u00e1zvy, nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161kou a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i sou\u0159adnicemi, pokud pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me syst\u00e9m GNSS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jak ur\u010dit azimut, vzd\u00e1lenost a dobu ch\u016fze?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dal\u0161\u00edm krokem p\u0159i sestavov\u00e1n\u00ed pl\u00e1nu je propojit vybran\u00e9 body \u00faseky a ke ka\u017ed\u00e9mu z nich uv\u00e9st sm\u011br (azimut), vzd\u00e1lenost, p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed a pot\u0159ebnou dobu ch\u016fze. D\u00edky takov\u00e9mu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme b\u011bhem t\u00fary pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b sledovat, zda dodr\u017eujeme \u010dasov\u00fd pl\u00e1n, nebo zda u\u017e je \u010das vr\u00e1tit se \u201epo vlastn\u00edch stop\u00e1ch\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\nNavigaci se nejl\u00e9pe nau\u010d\u00edme v praxi \u2013 pr\u00e1v\u011b proto hraje v kurzech d\u016fle\u017eitou roli pr\u00e1ce s mapou a kompasem v ter\u00e9nu. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Jak p\u0159izp\u016fsobit navigaci podm\u00ednk\u00e1m v hor\u00e1ch?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Takto podrobn\u00fd pl\u00e1n by m\u011bl vych\u00e1zet ze z\u00e1sad \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed rizik v hor\u00e1ch. Ty se li\u0161\u00ed v zim\u011b, kdy se p\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed trasy soust\u0159ed\u00edme na vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se konk\u00e1vn\u00edm ter\u00e9nn\u00edm \u00fatvar\u016fm na z\u00e1v\u011btrn\u00fdch svaz\u00edch s ur\u010dit\u00fdm sklonem v z\u00e1vislosti na stupni lavinov\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, a v l\u00e9t\u011b, kdy se pot\u00fdk\u00e1me s obt\u00ed\u017eemi spojen\u00fdmi s tvary ter\u00e9nu, s\u00edt\u00ed turistick\u00fdch tras a stezek, p\u0159echody vodn\u00edch tok\u016f \u010di pr\u016fchody kle\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Analogov\u00e1 nebo digit\u00e1ln\u00ed navigace \u2013 kterou zvolit?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Podle na\u0161eho vztahu k modern\u00edm technologi\u00edm m\u016f\u017eeme takov\u00fd pl\u00e1n sestavit a zapsat zcela analogov\u011b, s pomoc\u00ed pap\u00edrov\u00e9 mapy a analogov\u00e9ho kompasu, do oby\u010dejn\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisn\u00edku, ov\u0161em s pap\u00edrem odoln\u00fdm v\u016f\u010di vlhkosti (All Weather Paper). M\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt modern\u00ed technologie a pomoc\u00ed vektorov\u00fdch map zobrazen\u00fdch v naviga\u010dn\u00edch aplikac\u00edch pro Android nebo iPhone prov\u00e9st pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, sestavit pl\u00e1n a ulo\u017eit ho jako soubor GPX, a dokonce ho zkop\u00edrovat do za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ostatn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f t\u00fary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pamatujme v\u0161ak, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edstup k takto ulo\u017een\u00fdm dat\u016fm je sice pohodln\u00fd, ale vy\u017eaduje nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v hor\u00e1ch obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 zajistit. Proto se osobn\u011b sna\u017e\u00edm m\u00edt mo\u017enost pl\u00e1novat digit\u00e1ln\u011b na offline map\u00e1ch a k navigaci pou\u017e\u00edvat za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ovl\u00e1dan\u00e1 tla\u010d\u00edtky, nikoli dotykem. P\u0159i digit\u00e1ln\u00ed navigaci je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 tak\u00e9 z\u00e1soba energie a znalost toho, jak spolehliv\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed funguj\u00ed za sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed nebo de\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\nHodinky, telefon, nebo ru\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed GNSS? Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed navigace nab\u00edz\u00ed mnoho mo\u017enost\u00ed, ale ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Vyplat\u00ed se um\u011bt navigovat pomoc\u00ed mapy a kompasu?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Je dobr\u00e9 alespo\u0148 jednou ro\u010dn\u011b procvi\u010dovat analogovou navigaci (s pap\u00edrovou mapou a kompasem) za omezen\u00e9 viditelnosti (v noci, v mlze), abychom si udr\u017eeli schopnost pohybovat se podle azimutu, obch\u00e1zet p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky a ur\u010dovat vlastn\u00ed polohu podle nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky a azimutu svahu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch t\u00far\u00e1ch ale nejsp\u00ed\u0161 r\u00e1di vyu\u017eijeme digit\u00e1ln\u00ed navigaci zalo\u017eenou na syst\u00e9mu GNSS a naviga\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1m za vhodn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek p\u0159esn\u011b uk\u00e1\u017eou na\u0161i polohu i nadmo\u0159skou v\u00fd\u0161ku, a to i na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed map\u011b, a povedou n\u00e1s podle p\u0159ipraven\u00e9ho souboru GPX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jak\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje pou\u017e\u00edvat pro navigaci v horsk\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Jak\u00fd kompas zvolit do hor?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Vyberme si analogov\u00fd kompas od osv\u011bd\u010den\u00e9 zna\u010dky se zrc\u00e1tkem, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje sou\u010dasn\u011b sledovat ter\u00e9n p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi p\u0159es zam\u011b\u0159ova\u010d a odraz stupnice kompasu, podle n\u011bho\u017e posoud\u00edme jej\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 nato\u010den\u00ed v\u016f\u010di magnetick\u00e9 st\u0159elce. Dbejme na to, aby m\u011bl kompas stupnice v centimetrech, stupn\u00edch a kilometrech pro mapy v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1:25 000. Mezi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 funkce, kter\u00e9 by n\u00e1\u0161 p\u0159\u00edstroj m\u011bl m\u00edt, pat\u0159\u00ed nastaven\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 deklinace a klinometr pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed sklonu svahu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 s\u00e1hnout po digit\u00e1ln\u00edm kompasu, kter\u00fd dnes b\u00fdv\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed naviga\u010dn\u00edch hodinek a ur\u010duje sm\u011br k severu pomoc\u00ed t\u0159\u00edos\u00e9ho magnetick\u00e9ho senzoru. Pokud je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vybaven\u00e9 syst\u00e9mem GNSS, kompas dok\u00e1\u017ee zohlednit magnetickou deklinaci pro na\u0161i polohu. Funkci klinometru pak nej\u010dast\u011bji nab\u00edz\u00ed widget Inclinometer nebo slope angle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kter\u00fd je pohodln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed? Pro m\u011b digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u2013 pokud si dob\u0159e ohl\u00edd\u00e1m z\u00e1sobu energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\nKompas je jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro navigaci v hor\u00e1ch \u2013 pokud ho um\u00edme spr\u00e1vn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvat. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Jak\u00e1 mapa se hod\u00ed pro navigaci v hor\u00e1ch?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Po\u0159i\u010fme si pap\u00edrovou topografickou mapu oblasti, do kter\u00e9 se chyst\u00e1me, v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1:25000. Hledejme mapy se s\u00edt\u00ed zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch sou\u0159adnic, na nich\u017e svisl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed ke geografick\u00e9mu severu u horn\u00edho okraje mapy (orientace k severu), s p\u0159ehledn\u011b zakreslen\u00fdmi vrstevnicemi, reli\u00e9fem ter\u00e9nu, lesn\u00edmi porosty, vodn\u00edmi toky a plochami i s\u00edt\u00ed silnic, stezek a turistick\u00fdch tras. Vyh\u00fdbejme se map\u00e1m s obr\u00e1zky zv\u00ed\u0159\u00e1tek, kv\u011btin a dal\u0161\u00edmi ozdobami, kter\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed jejich \u010ditelnost. K dost\u00e1n\u00ed jsou tak\u00e9 laminovan\u00e9 mapy nebo mapy pota\u017een\u00e9 f\u00f3li\u00ed, kter\u00e9 spolehliv\u011b vydr\u017e\u00ed nejeden d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 a omez\u00ed pot\u0159ebu pou\u017e\u00edvat mapn\u00edk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u016f\u017eeme vyu\u017e\u00edt tak\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed mapy ve spojen\u00ed s naviga\u010dn\u00edmi aplikacemi. Rozhodn\u011b by m\u011bly b\u00fdt ulo\u017een\u00e9 v pam\u011bti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, nikoli poka\u017ed\u00e9 stahovan\u00e9 p\u0159es internet. Vrstvy t\u011bchto map mohou obsahovat topografick\u00e9 zobrazen\u00ed, tedy kresbu se symboly zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi z pap\u00edrov\u00fdch map, nebo satelitn\u00ed sn\u00edmky (pohled na zemsk\u00fd povrch z pta\u010d\u00ed perspektivy). Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed (vektorov\u00e9) mapy nemaj\u00ed pevn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko. Sou\u0159adnice se zobraz\u00ed po ozna\u010den\u00ed bodu a p\u0159edchoz\u00ed volb\u011b jednotek (form\u00e1tu sou\u0159adnic), zat\u00edmco orientace mapy z\u00e1vis\u00ed na zvolen\u00e9m nastaven\u00ed (North Up, Track Up).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\nTopografick\u00e1 mapa poskytuje spoustu informac\u00ed, ale teprve praxe n\u00e1s nau\u010d\u00ed, jak je spr\u00e1vn\u011b \u010d\u00edst a vyu\u017e\u00edvat v ter\u00e9nu. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Krom\u011b toho, co vid\u00edme na displeji, jsou v r\u016fzn\u00fdch oblastech mapy ulo\u017een\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed informace v podob\u011b tematicky rozd\u011blen\u00fdch bod\u016f a definic liniov\u00fdch objekt\u016f, po nich\u017e n\u00e1s za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee navigovat podle zvolen\u00e9ho druhu aktivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kter\u00e1 mapa je spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kter\u00e1 mapa je spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed? \u010casto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1m digit\u00e1ln\u00ed mapy Sharpmap nebo Lomap v aplikac\u00edch jejich v\u00fdrobc\u016f. Pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed na t\u011bchto map\u00e1ch na displeji telefonu je na horsk\u00e9 chat\u011b pohodln\u00e9 a rychl\u00e9, ale hotov\u00fd pl\u00e1n nakonec bezdr\u00e1tov\u011b p\u0159enesu do naviga\u010dn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (ru\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edstroje nebo hodinek) a podle n\u011bj se pak orientuji v ter\u00e9nu. Telefon se k navigaci p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nehod\u00ed kv\u016fli nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fddr\u017ei baterie a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9mu ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dotykov\u00e9ho displeje za de\u0161t\u011b \u010di sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Je v hor\u00e1ch pot\u0159eba v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011br?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Je v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011br, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd tak\u00e9 altimetr, pro navigaci nezbytn\u00fd? Ano, zejm\u00e9na v hor\u00e1ch, kde n\u00e1m tento t\u0159et\u00ed rozm\u011br usnad\u0148uje ur\u010den\u00ed polohy d\u00edky informaci, na kter\u00e9 vrstevnici se nach\u00e1z\u00edme. Tento \u00fadaj v kombinaci s azimutem svahu n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed ur\u010dit polohu i tehdy, kdy\u017e syst\u00e9m GNSS nebude dostupn\u00fd (ozbrojen\u00e9 konflikty, poruchy syst\u00e9mu, chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed naviga\u010dn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edvat analogov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011bry s mechanick\u00fdm \u00fastroj\u00edm. Jejich v\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, nev\u00fdhodou pak rozli\u0161en\u00ed m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed omezen\u00e9 na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 m. Druhou mo\u017enost\u00ed jsou elektronick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edzej\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rozli\u0161en\u00ed, ale vy\u017eaduj\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed. V obou p\u0159\u00edpadech je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 kalibrace, kter\u00e1 bude nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pokud vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze skute\u010dn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f o nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce. Kalibrace barometrick\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky pomoc\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ky ze syst\u00e9mu GNSS nebo z mapy DEM bude v\u017edy zat\u00ed\u017eena chybami satelitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jak\u00e9 naviga\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zvolit do hor?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tady je v\u00fdb\u011br slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a z\u00e1vis\u00ed na na\u0161em rozpo\u010dtu, ale tak\u00e9 na tom, jak dob\u0159e vid\u00edme. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm hledejme za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s tla\u010d\u00edtky pro v\u00fdb\u011br funkc\u00ed a nastaven\u00ed. Pokud maj\u00ed i dotykov\u00fd displej, kter\u00fd usnad\u0148uje ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, ujist\u011bme se, \u017ee nen\u00ed jedin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a \u017ee ho lze zamknout (d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 nebo sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dotykov\u00fdch displej\u016f zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed). Dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou v\u011bc\u00ed je nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m mus\u00ed vysta\u010dit po celou dobu aktivity. Akumul\u00e1tor, nebo baterie? To je dal\u0161\u00ed dilema, kter\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161\u00edme p\u0159i pro\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed specifikac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a zva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed nab\u00edjen\u00ed v ter\u00e9nu a na horsk\u00fdch chat\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\nDobr\u00e9 naviga\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed do hor by m\u011blo b\u00fdt snadno ovladateln\u00e9, odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m a m\u00edt dostate\u010dnou z\u00e1sobu energie na celou trasu. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Tady plat\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 pravidlo: \u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed displej a \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jas, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed spot\u0159eba energie. Z toho by vypl\u00fdvalo, \u017ee nejrozumn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed volbou jsou hodinky. Jejich mal\u00e9 displeje sice umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed navigaci po p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 trase, ale prohl\u00ed\u017eet digit\u00e1ln\u00ed mapu na displeji o pr\u016fm\u011bru 3\u20134 cm je po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 v\u00fdzva. Ru\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje u\u017e maj\u00ed velk\u00fd, p\u0159ehledn\u00fd, \u010dasto reflexn\u00ed displej, na kter\u00e9m se mapy zobrazuj\u00ed p\u011bkn\u011b a \u010diteln\u011b. Kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 hmotnosti a rozm\u011br\u016fm ale \u010dasto le\u017e\u00ed\u2026 v z\u00e1suvce m\u00edsto v batohu, a kdy\u017e pak pot\u0159ebujeme navigaci, litujeme sv\u00e9 lenosti. A\u0165 u\u017e zvol\u00edme ru\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj, hodinky, nebo dokonce telefon (ten nedoporu\u010duji, po 6 hodin\u00e1ch t\u00fary se vybije), dbejme na to, aby za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u011blo barometrick\u00fd v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011br a magnetometr, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m uk\u00e1\u017ee sv\u011btov\u00e9 strany, i kdy\u017e stoj\u00edme na m\u00edst\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jak se nau\u010dit navigovat?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Navigace je praktick\u00e1 dovednost. Mus\u00edme se ji za\u010d\u00edt u\u010dit pochopen\u00edm magnetick\u00fdch p\u00f3l\u016f Zem\u011b a jevu magnetick\u00e9 deklinace. Pot\u00e9 je t\u0159eba absolvovat s\u00e9rii cvi\u010den\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch na pohyb podle konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho azimutu ode\u010dten\u00e9ho z mapy, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed azimut\u016f k ur\u010dit\u00fdm objekt\u016fm v ter\u00e9nu a jejich zakreslov\u00e1n\u00ed do mapy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Takov\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed je z\u00e1kladem navigace, zejm\u00e9na pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i pokynu autonavigace \u201eJe\u010fte na severoz\u00e1pad\u201c zpanika\u0159\u00ed nebo se vydaj\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u011b zvolen\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jak se nau\u010dit \u010d\u00edst mapu a napl\u00e1novat t\u00faru v hor\u00e1ch?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Dal\u0161\u00edm krokem je nau\u010dit se \u010d\u00edst mapu. Nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed je za\u010d\u00edt v ter\u00e9nu, kter\u00fd zn\u00e1me, sezn\u00e1mit se s legendou a zapamatovat si v\u0161echny zna\u010dky pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k popisu ter\u00e9nu. V hor\u00e1ch je z\u00e1kladem tak\u00e9 um\u011bt z mapy vy\u010d\u00edst reli\u00e9f ter\u00e9nu. Jak na to? Jednodu\u0161e si na t\u00faru vezmeme mapu a kompas. Ur\u010d\u00edme v\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod a sledujeme pr\u016fb\u011bh t\u00fary, p\u0159itom db\u00e1me na spr\u00e1vnou orientaci mapy a rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1me objekty, kolem kter\u00fdch proch\u00e1z\u00edme nebo kter\u00e9 vid\u00edme v d\u00e1lce (s t\u00edm n\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee azimut). Po n\u011bkolika takov\u00fdch t\u00far\u00e1ch s mapou, kompasem a zkalibrovan\u00fdm v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011brem pro n\u00e1s bude \u010dten\u00ed mapy hra\u010dka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\nDobr\u00e1 navigace vy\u017eaduje praxi, proto m\u016f\u017ee kurz se zku\u0161en\u00fdmi instruktory v\u00fdrazn\u011b urychlit osvojen\u00ed pr\u00e1ce s mapou a kompasem. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Po takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b se m\u016f\u017eeme pustit do pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00fary podle mapy a spo\u010d\u00edtat vzd\u00e1lenost i p\u0159ev\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed, d\u00edky nim\u017e odhadneme pot\u0159ebnou dobu ch\u016fze. V zimn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch budeme p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed nav\u00edc pot\u0159ebovat zn\u00e1t aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed lavinovou p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f a v\u00fdvoj po\u010das\u00ed v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch dnech. Tyto \u00fadaje n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b pl\u00e1novat t\u00fary a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem \u0159\u00eddit lavinov\u00e9 riziko. Teprve mapa n\u00e1m poskytne pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 informace o ter\u00e9nu, orientaci svah\u016f v\u016f\u010di sv\u011btov\u00fdm stran\u00e1m a jejich sklonu, podle kter\u00fdch se m\u016f\u017eeme spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozhodovat. Pokud chceme pl\u00e1novat digit\u00e1ln\u011b, mus\u00edme si vybrat vhodnou aplikaci, nastavit ji podle sv\u00fdch preferenc\u00ed a pochopit, jak funguje navigace po stezk\u00e1ch i mimo n\u011b (p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 trasy).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jak navigovat za omezen\u00e9 viditelnosti?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Samostatnou dovednost\u00ed je udr\u017eet spr\u00e1vn\u00fd sm\u011br ch\u016fze za omezen\u00e9 viditelnosti. Je vhodn\u00e9, aby \u010dlov\u011bk zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za navigaci \u0161el ve skupin\u011b jako druh\u00fd. M\u016f\u017ee tak nav\u00e1d\u011bt prvn\u00edho spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm sm\u011brem a ten se m\u016f\u017ee soust\u0159edit na obt\u00ed\u017ee a nebezpe\u010d\u00ed v ter\u00e9nu. Doporu\u010duji tato cvi\u010den\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bt v noci v lese nebo v zim\u011b za mlhy, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mimo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd, exponovan\u00fd a lavinami ohro\u017een\u00fd ter\u00e9n. Navigovat m\u016f\u017eeme podle kompasu pomoc\u00ed postupn\u00fdch azimut\u016f nebo pomoc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed GNSS, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1 na\u0161i polohu a p\u0159esn\u011b n\u00e1m ukazuje dal\u0161\u00ed sm\u011br ch\u016fze.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u0159i navigaci pomoc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed GNSS nezapome\u0148te p\u0159izp\u016fsobit zobrazovan\u00e9 informace sv\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m. Volba jednotek a form\u00e1tu sou\u0159adnic, znalost toho, kde se kalibruj\u00ed kompas a barometrick\u00fd v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011br, i nastaven\u00ed obsahu jednotliv\u00fdch obrazovek jsou z\u00e1kladem pro pln\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Nespol\u00e9hejte se jen na tov\u00e1rn\u00ed nastaven\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy optim\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\nNavigace za omezen\u00e9 viditelnosti vy\u017eaduje p\u0159esnost \u2013 i mal\u00e1 odchylka od spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho sm\u011bru n\u00e1s m\u016f\u017ee s ka\u017ed\u00fdm dal\u0161\u00edm metrem odv\u00e1d\u011bt st\u00e1le d\u00e1l od trasy. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Pro\u010d se vyplat\u00ed analyzovat z\u00e1znamy tras GPX?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Analyzujte tak\u00e9 sv\u00e9 elektronick\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy tras z t\u00far. V t\u011bchto souborech je zaznamenan\u00e9 tempo va\u0161ich aktivit, kter\u00e9 se hod\u00ed p\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch t\u00far. Nav\u00edc si je m\u016f\u017eete ulo\u017eit do za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jako trasy ov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Tyto z\u00e1znamy m\u016f\u017eete sd\u00edlet s p\u0159\u00e1teli nebo na port\u00e1lech, kde lid\u00e9 zve\u0159ej\u0148uj\u00ed sv\u00e9 soubory GPX pro dal\u0161\u00ed nad\u0161ence do horsk\u00e9 navigace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pro\u010d se vyplat\u00ed absolvovat kurz navigace v hor\u00e1ch?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
V\u00fd\u0161e najdete jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1vod, jak se nau\u010dit navigovat za jeden v\u00edkend. Sta\u010d\u00ed zkop\u00edrovat text \u010dl\u00e1nku, rozd\u011blit ho do bod\u016f a pustit se do toho! Pokud si chcete tyto znalosti rad\u011bji vyzkou\u0161et v praxi a z\u00edskat v ter\u00e9nu 100% jistotu, vyplat\u00ed se proj\u00edt cel\u00fdm procesem pod veden\u00edm instruktor\u016f v renomovan\u00e9 horsk\u00e9 \u0161kole. Kurz navigace by m\u011bl zahrnovat v\u0161echny v\u00fd\u0161e popsan\u00e9 kroky a v\u00e9st by ho m\u011bl odborn\u00edk v t\u00e9to oblasti. Jen tak p\u0159inese skute\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky a vynalo\u017een\u00e9 pen\u00edze se stanou tou nejlep\u0161\u00ed investic\u00ed do va\u0161eho rozvoje a bezpe\u010dnosti na t\u00far\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\n(foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
Praktick\u00e9 tipy pro navigaci v hor\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
P\u00e1r rychl\u00fdch rad na z\u00e1v\u011br? Tady jsou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kompas \u2013 na co si d\u00e1t pozor?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
P\u0159i navigaci s kompasem si d\u00e1vejte pozor na magnety v \u010delovk\u00e1ch a rukavic\u00edch i na odporov\u00e9 vyh\u0159\u00edvac\u00ed syst\u00e9my \u2013 to v\u0161e ovliv\u0148uje magnetickou st\u0159elku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
P\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed azimut\u016f na map\u011b nejprve azimut zhruba odhadn\u011bte a teprve potom ho zm\u011b\u0159te (jde o \u00fahel mezi severem a zvolen\u00fdm sm\u011brem). Vyhnete se tak chyb\u011b o 180\u00b0.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed kompas kalibrujte v dostate\u010dn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od budov, elektrick\u00e9ho veden\u00ed a kovov\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Pokud navigujete pomoc\u00ed analogov\u00e9ho kompasu, m\u011bli byste si ov\u011b\u0159it hodnotu magnetick\u00e9 deklinace pro oblast, ve kter\u00e9 se pohybujete. Chyba 5\u00b0 na \u00faseku dlouh\u00e9m 1 km znamen\u00e1 odchylku p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 80 m. Je to hodn\u011b? V mlze rozhodn\u011b ano.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Mapa a sou\u0159adnice \u2013 jak se vyhnout chyb\u00e1m?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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P\u0159i pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed trasy na stole na horsk\u00e9 chat\u011b neot\u00e1\u010dejte mapu podle sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran. Nem\u00e1 to smysl, proto\u017ee stoly m\u00edvaj\u00ed kovov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed st\u0159elku kompasu. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd by pro n\u00e1s m\u011bl b\u00fdt geografick\u00fd sever, kter\u00fd vyzna\u010duj\u00ed poledn\u00edky (svisl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry s\u00edt\u011b zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch sou\u0159adnic).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
V za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch GNSS pou\u017e\u00edvejte stejn\u00fd form\u00e1t sou\u0159adnic jako v aplikaci pro pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo na pap\u00edrov\u00e9 map\u011b. H DDD.DDD nen\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e co H DDD MM.MMM, a u\u017e v\u016fbec ne tot\u00e9\u017e co H DDD MM SS.SS. Omyl m\u016f\u017ee znamenat odchylku i n\u011bkolika kilometr\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
D\u00e1vejte si pozor na star\u00e9 mapy (s jin\u00fdm referen\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem ne\u017e WGS84), jejich s\u00ed\u0165 zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch sou\u0159adnic je posunut\u00e1. Nev\u011b\u0159\u00edte? Pod\u00edvejte se na topografickou mapu Tater v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 1:10 000, ode\u010dt\u011bte sou\u0159adnice n\u011bkter\u00e9ho bodu a pak je vyhledejte na map\u011b v syst\u00e9mu WGS84.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n
\n5+ Szko\u0142a G\u00f3rska klade d\u016fraz na praxi a v\u00fduku pod veden\u00edm zku\u0161en\u00fdch instruktor\u016f \u2013 od navigace a\u017e po pokro\u010dil\u00e9 dovednosti pro pohyb v hor\u00e1ch v l\u00e9t\u011b i v zim\u011b. (foto: Jan Wierzejski)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
GNSS a v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011br \u2013 na co pamatovat?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Barometrick\u00fd v\u00fd\u0161kom\u011br je nejlep\u0161\u00ed kalibrovat v\u017edy na za\u010d\u00e1tku t\u00fary podle nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky v\u00fdchoz\u00edho bodu (\u00fadaj z mapy). Pozor na automatickou kalibraci (neprob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u017edy tehdy, kdy chceme) a na v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9 \u00fadaje SRTM pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b naviga\u010dn\u00edch aplikac\u00ed (v hor\u00e1ch mohou ud\u00e1vat v\u00fd\u0161ku strm\u00fdch vrchol\u016f a\u017e o 100 m ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed). Nev\u011b\u0159\u00edte? Zkontrolujte, jakou v\u00fd\u0161ku v\u00e1m naviga\u010dn\u00ed aplikace uk\u00e1\u017ee na vrcholu Giewontu. Co\u017ee, 1841 m n. m.? V\u017edy\u0165 je to cel\u00fdch 1894 m n. m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
P\u0159i zah\u00e1jen\u00ed navigace pomoc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed GNSS z\u016fsta\u0148te st\u00e1t na m\u00edst\u011b a po\u010dkejte, dokud se va\u0161e rychlost nebude po dobu del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 30 sekund zobrazovat jako 0 km\/h. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee satelitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dil va\u0161i polohu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
V zim\u011b se vyplat\u00ed nosit za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mimo oble\u010den\u00ed, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e bude v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fd profil spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Zm\u011bny teplot toti\u017e ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed tlakov\u00fd senzor. Chlad nap\u00e1jen\u00ed neubl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, pokud v p\u0159\u00edstroj\u00edch na baterie pou\u017eijete lithiov\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky, a modern\u00ed akumul\u00e1tory vydr\u017e\u00ed mrazy a\u017e \u221220 \u00b0C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Jak navigovat za omezen\u00e9 viditelnosti?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
P\u0159i navigaci v ter\u00e9nu za omezen\u00e9 viditelnosti udr\u017eujte \u010dleny skupiny na dohled, aby druh\u00fd v po\u0159ad\u00ed (navig\u00e1tor) mohl nav\u00e1d\u011bt prvn\u00edho (pr\u016fzkumn\u00edka) a udr\u017eovat ho ve stanoven\u00e9m sm\u011bru.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Igor Marcin J\u00f3zefowicz<\/strong> – instruktor v 5+ Szko\u0142a G\u00f3rska, seniorn\u00ed instruktor TOPR a vedouc\u00ed skupiny Cyber-Tech TOPR.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tato ot\u00e1zka nazna\u010duje, \u017ee navigaci v hor\u00e1ch budeme pot\u0159ebovat teprve tehdy, kdy\u017e ztrat\u00edme orientaci, setm\u00ed se nebo po\u010das\u00ed omez\u00ed viditelnost. Takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup je chybn\u00fd. Navigace je ryze praktick\u00e1 dovednost. Pokud si o n\u00ed jen p\u0159e\u010dteme p\u00e1r \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f a zhl\u00e9dneme n\u011bkolik vide\u00ed, ale neprocvi\u010d\u00edme si ji v ter\u00e9nu, m\u016f\u017ee n\u00e1m ve stresu po ztr\u00e1t\u011b orientace b\u00fdt k ni\u010demu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":66788,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26079],"tags":[26092,26090,26088,730,26106],"class_list":["post-66799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turistika-treking","tag-alpinismus","tag-celorocni","tag-poradna","tag-treking","tag-turistika"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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